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prisoner's dilemma

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It does pay to be nice if you repeatedly deal with the same person. Martin Nowak explains why cooperation also wins in matters of reputation, neighbourliness and family. But can evolutionary game theory save the world?

One of the most puzzling aspects of human behaviour is cooperation, in situations where backstabbing and selfishness would seem to be more rewarding. From the point of view of evolutionary theory, the very existence of altruism and cooperation appear mysterious.

Game theory suggests that sharing vaccine doses might give a selfish, as well as moral, advantage.

Yes, it does. And we have the maths to prove it.

Sometimes people are nasty when it would have been better to be nice.

The 2009 Nobel Prize in Economics goes to two unusual economists

Adam Smith is often thought of as the father of modern economics. In his book "An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations" Smith decribed the "invisible hand" mechanism by which he felt economic society operated. Modern game theory has much to add to Smith's description.