When you suspend a chain from two hooks and let it hang naturally under its own weight, the curve it describes is called a catenary. Any hanging chain will naturally find this equilibrium shape, in which the forces of tension (coming from the hooks holding the chain up) and the force of gravity pulling downwards exactly balance.
Something beautiful happens when you turn a catenary curve upside down. The inverted catenary will now describe an arch — and it turns out that it's the most stable shape an arch can have. In a hanging chain the forces of tension all act along the line of the curve. In the inverted catenary the forces of tension become forces of compression. And since these forces are directed along the line of the arch, the arch doesn't bend or buckle. If you want to build an arch, you should make sure it contains the shape of an inverted catenary. That way it will stand freely under its own weight and you'll also need to use a minimal amount of materials.
The English architect Robert Hooke was the first to study the catenary mathematically and in 1675 published an anagram (in Latin) of : "As hangs the flexible line, so but inverted will stand the rigid arch." The arch above Wembley Stadium has the shape of a catenary and Christopher Wren also intended to use it in St. Paul's dome (find out more here).
The equation of the catenary is $$\frac{a\left(e^{\frac{x}{a}}+e^{-\frac{x}{a}}\right)}{2}.$$ This gives a whole family of curves, one for each value of the parameter $a$, which determines the width of the catenary and also its lowest point above the $x$-axis.Use the Geogebra applet below to see catenaries for different values of a>0.
Comments
When children play with a
When children play with a rope, where two hold each end, move the rope up and down and another jumps in the middle, is the shape of the rope a catenary while moving?
As with suspension bridges,
As with suspension bridges, when the forces ( usually a road deck) on the rope are high enough that the mass of the rope is negligible, the curve is parabolic. If the children twirl it very fast it will tend to a parabola, slower and stationary, a catenary.
Carenary
Still a catenary but with a varying shaping force as the centripetal force of rotation is constant but as the rope rotates it adds to and subtracts from effect of gravity. It is like seeing the shape of the same chain on different planets as gravity changes
Factors to take into account
Note that the curve of a suspended chain or rope does not depend on the amount of gravity; it's the same curve whether gravity is strong or weak. So if the swinging rope were just exposed to a uniform increase in gravity, there would be no difference in shape.
But a swinging jump rope is a bit different - the centripedal force needed to balance the rotation (so called centrifugal force) varies with the radius from the swinging axis. When the rope is at the bottom, each segment is subject to normal gravity plus a value which depends on its distance from the line between the handles. (And at the top or sides of the swinging path, other vector combinations of fixed gravity plus outward "centrifugal" force). This will create a different curve, but it is beyond my math to give you an equation for it.
Troposkein
I believe the shape is a troposkein, like the ones used in certain vertical windmill designs.
Hyperbolic cosine
Unless I'm very much mistaken, that looks like cosh :-)
It is cosh. (if a is 1)
It is cosh. (if a is 1)