Solving quadratics in pictures

Submitted by Marianne on November 7, 2014

A Babylonian inscription from around 2800 BC.

Algebra is old: the Babylonians, a people who lived around 3000 years ago, already knew about versions of the famous formula for solving quadratic equations. But what they were inspired by was geometry: they needed to solve quadratics in order to work out problems involving areas of plots of land. So to celebrate their achievement, let's derive the famous quadratic formula using geometry.

Suppose the quadratic equation you are looking at is

$x^2 + px = q,$

with $p$ and $q$ both positive numbers.

The term $x^2$ gives the area of a square with sides of length $x.$ The term $px$ gives the area of a rectangle with one side of length $p$ and the other side of length $x$ . We can put the square and the rectangle next to each other to get a larger rectangle:

The area of this larger rectangle is $x^2+px$ which, by our equation, is equal to $q.$ But it turns out that we can rearrange it to very nearly form a square. Simply slice the small rectangle into two strips with sides of lengths $x$ and $p/2$ :

And move one strip so it aligns with the bottom edge of the square:

Let’s call this region $R$ . It still has area $x^2+px = q.$ But if we add a little square of side length $p/2$ to the bottom right corner of $R$ we get a big square with side length $x+p/2$ and area $\left(x+p/2\right)^2.$ Therefore,

$\mbox{Area of the big square} = \left(x+p/2\right)^2 = \mbox{Area of R}+ \left(p/2\right)^2 = q + \left(p/2\right)^2.$

Taking the square root of both sides gives

$x+p/2 = \pm {\sqrt {q + p^2/4}}.$

Subtracting $p/2$ from both sides gives

$\begin{equation} x = \pm {\sqrt {q + p^2/4}}-p/2.\end{equation}$

(1)

How is that related to the quadratic formula we learn about at school? We usually write a general quadratic equation as

$ax^2+bx+c=0.$

Dividing through by $a$ so that the coefficient of $x^2$ is 1 gives

$x^2 + \frac{b}{a}x + \frac{c}{a} = 0.$

Bringing $\frac{c}{a}$ over to the other side gives

$x^2 + \frac{b}{a}x = -\frac{c}{a}.$

So comparing with our equation above we see $p=\frac{b}{a}$ and $q=-\frac{c}{a}.$ Substituting these for $p$ and $q$ in expression (1) recovers the general quadratic formula

$x = \frac{-b\pm {\sqrt {b^2-4ac}}}{2a}.$

To say that the Babylonians knew this formula is a little misleading. Firstly, they didn't know about negative numbers, so they could only solve quadratics that had a positive solution. Also, they didn't write their maths using symbols and letters as we do, but using words. So a Babylonian student might be given questions such as:

If I add to the area of a square twice its side, I get 48. What is the side?

Which, writing $x$ for the side, translates to the equation

$x^2+2x=48.$

The Babylonians knew about sequences of steps they could perform to find the solution to such a question — which is why we say they knew about the quadratic formula.

Solving quadratics in pictures

Comments

Babylonian Quadratic Formula Was Used for??

Mistake in one equation

Thanks for pointing that out,