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Given an $n \times n$ matrix $H$ and a vector $I$ of length $n$, their product $J$ is also vector of length $n$ (strictly speaking we should write $I$ as a column vector here). The \textbf{first} entry of $J$ is the sum: \begin{array}{ll} & the first entry of the \textbf{first} row of $H$ \times \, the first entry of $I$ \\ + & the second entry of the \textbf{first} row of $H$ \times \, the second entry of $I$ \\ +&...

This is the second part of our new column on risk and uncertainty.

Let's recall the definitions:

F_X = observed frequency of the allele X (where X is one of T, C, A or B), regardless of which other allele it occurs with;

F_XY = observed frequency of X allele occurring with Y allele (where X is one of T or C and Y is one of A or B).

This is the very first installment of a new feature in Plus: a column by David Spiegelhalter exploring issues of risk and uncertainty that concern all of us but confound m

The patch from figure 14 contains decagons and pentacles divided up as follows:

Each of these two substitutions introduces rhombi. These can be swallowed up by the two new shapes introduced here:

First let's calculate the frequency of a particular digit $i$ with $ i \neq 0$.

Its frequency among 1-digit numbers is clearly 1/9.